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Adenorhinos barbouri
Atheris acuminata
Atheris broadleyi
Atheris ceratophora
Atheris chlorechis
Atheris desaixi
Atheris hispida
Atheris katangensis
Atheris nitschei
Atheris rungweensis
Atheris squamigera
Atheris subocularis
Montatheris hindii
Proatheris superciliaris

The World Of Atheris
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Selected Bibliography and Suggested Reading

Note: The following is a combined list of references covering the entire Atherini tribe. For a species specific bibliography click on the species list to the left and then on that species' "biblio" tab.

Altimari, W. 1998. Venomous Snakes: A Safety Guide for Reptile Keepers. Society for the Study of Reptiles and Amphibians, Herpetological Circular No. 26.

Andren, C. 1976. The reptile fauna in the lower alpine zone of Aberdare and Mount Kenya. Brit. J. Herpet. 5: 566-575.

Ashe, J. 1968. A new bush viper. J. E. Afr. nat. Hist. Soc. natn. Mus. 27(1): 53-59.

Ashe, J.S. & H. Marx. 1988. Phylogeny of the viperine snakes (Viperinae). Part II. Cladistic analysis and major lineages. Fieldiana, Zool. 52: 1-23.

Barbour, T. & A. Loveridge. 1928. A comparative study of the herpetological faunae of the Uluguru and Usambara Mountains, Tanganyika Territory, with descriptions of new species. Mem. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 50: 87-265.

Barbour, T. & A. Loveridge. 1930a. Reptiles and amphibians from Liberia. In Strong, R.P. (ed.), The African Republic of Liberia and the Belgian Congo: Based On The Observations Made and Material Collected During The Harvard African Expedition 1926-1927. 2: 769-786. Harvard University Press. Cambridge.

Barbour, T. & A. Loveridge. 1930b. Reptiles and amphibians from the central African lake region. In Strong, R.P. (ed.), The African Republic of Liberia and the Belgian Congo: Based On The Observations Made and Material Collected During The Harvard African Expedition 1926-1927. 2: 786-788. Harvard University Press. Cambridge.

Bartlett, R.D. 1971. Common tree vipers in captivity. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 6(1): 29-31.

Bartlett, R.D. 1995. Venomous snakes: Controversial captives. Reptiles. 3(4): 25-47.

Bartlett, R.D. 1996. Notes on a selection of arboreal vipers in captivity. Reptiles. 4(2): 48-71.

Bartlett, R.D. 1998. Random thoughts on the variable bush viper, Atheris squamiger. Reptile Hobbyist. 3(8): 52-58.

Bocage, J.V. Barboza du. 1895. Hérpetologie d’Angola et du Congo. Lisbonne: Imprimerie Nationale.

Boettger, O. 1887. Diagnoses Reptilium Novorum ab. ill. viro Paul Hesse in finibus fluminus Congo reportum. Zool. Anz. 10: 649-651.

Bogert, C.M. 1940. Herpetological results of the Vernay Angola Expedition, with notes on African reptiles in other collections. Part I. Snakes, including an arrangement of African Colubridae. Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist. 77: 1-107.

Böhme, W. 1987. Seltene Reptilien aus dem Uzungwe-Gebirge, Süd-Tansania. Herpetofauna. 9(48): 27-34.

Boulenger, G.A. 1896. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). 3. London: British Museum (Natural History).

Boulenger, G.A. 1906. Description of a new tree-viper from Mount Ruwenzori. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7)18: 37-38.

Boulenger, G.A. 1910. Description of four new African snakes in the British Museum. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (8)5: 512-513.

Boulenger, G.A. 1919. Batraciens et Reptiles recueillis par le Dr. C. Christy au Congo Belge, dans les districts de Stanleyville, Haut-Uele et Ituri en 1912-1914. Rev. Zool. Afr. 7: 1-29.

Branch, W.R. 1978. The venomous snakes of Southern Africa. Part 1. Introduction and Viperidae. Snake. 9: 67-86.

Branch, W.R. 1988. Bill Branch's Field Guide To The Snakes And Other Reptiles Of Southern Africa. Ralph Curtis Books, Sanibel Island, Florida.

Branch, W.R. 2000. Mountains, moorlands and moving houses: The search for Montatheris. Reptiles. 8(6): 48-57.

Bridegam, A.S., B.E. Smith, C.M. Garrett, & D.T. Roberts. 1990. Cannibalism in two species of arboreal pitviper, Trimeresurus wagleri and Bothriechis schlegeli. Herp. Review. 21(3): 54-55.

Broadley, D.G. 1960. Vipera superciliaris, a rare viper added to the Nyasaland list. J. Herp. Ass. Rhod. 12: 3-4.

Broadley, D.G. 1968. The venomous snakes of Central and South Africa. In Bucherl, W., E.E. Buckley, & V. Deulofou (eds.). Venomous Animals and their Venoms, pp. 403-435. Academic Press, New York.

Broadley, D.G. 1983. Fitzsimon's Snakes of Southern Africa. Delta Books Ltd., Johannesburg.

Broadley, D.G. 1989. Case 2691. Atheris Cope, 1862 (Reptilia, Serpentes): proposed conservation, and proposed confirmation of Vipera chlorechis Pel, 1851 as the valid name of the type species. Bull. zool. Nomencl. 46: 264-266.

Broadley, D.G. 1995. Geographical distribution: Atheris squamigera squamigera. Afr. Herp. News. 23: 49.

Broadley, D.G. 1996. A review of the tribe Atherini (Serpentes: Viperidae), with the descriptions of two new genera. Afr. J. Herpetol. 45(2): 40-48.

Broadley, D.G. 1998. A review of the genus Atheris, with the description of a new species from Uganda. Herp. Jour. 8: 117-133.

Broadley D.G. & K.M. Howell. 1991. A checklist of the reptiles of Tanzania, with synoptic keys. Syntarsus. 1: 1-70.

Broadley, D.G. & C.R.S. Pitman. 1960. On a collection of snakes taken in Northern Rhodesia by Monsieur H. J. Bredo. Occ. Pap. natn. Mus. S. Rhod. Ser. B. 24: 437-451.

Cansdale, G.S. 1961. West African Snakes. Longman House, Essex, UK.

Channing, A. 1997. Bwindi: Gorillas – and much more. Afr. Environ. Wildl. 5(3): 68-69.

Chapman, D. S. 1968. The symptomatology, pathology, and treatment of the bites of venomous snakes of Central and Southern Africa. In Bucherl, W., E.E. Buckley, & V. Deulofou (eds.). Venomous Animals and their Venoms, pp. 463-527. Academic Press, New York.

Christensen, P.A. 1968. The venoms of Central and South African snakes. In Bucherl, W., E.E. Buckley, & V. Deulofou (eds.). Venomous Animals and their Venoms, pp. 437-461. Academic Press, New York.

Coe, M.J. 1967. The ecology of the alpine zone of Mount Kenya. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague.

Cope, E.D. 1859. Catalogue of the venomous serpents in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, with notes on the families, genera, and species. Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1859: 332-347.

Cope. E.D. 1862. Notes on some reptiles of the Old World. Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Phila. 1862: 337-344.

Cott, H.B. 1936. The Zoological Society’s expedition to the Zambesi, 1927: No. 6. On a collection of snakes from Portugese East Africa. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1934: 963-975, pl.

Cranfield, M.R. & T.K. Graczyk. 1996. Ophidian paramyxovirus. In Mader, D.R. (ed.). Reptile Medicine and Surgery, pp. 392-394. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.

Doucet, J. 1963. Les Serpents de la République de Côte d’Ivoire. Acta Tropica. 20(3): 201-340.

Dowling, H.G. & W.E. Duellman. 1978. Systematic Herpetology: A Synopsis of Families and Higher Categories. Hiss Publications, New York.

Edwards, E. 2000. The Ivorian Tree Viper. Ophidia Review. 1: 4-5.

Els, R.A. 1988. Atheris superciliaris, lowland swamp viper: Envenomation. J. Herp. Assoc. Afr. 34: 52.

Emmrich, D. 1993. Venoms and snakebite: Atheris ceratophorus, Usambara forest viper envenomation. J. Herp. Assoc. Afr. 42: 43.

Emmrich, D. 1997. New data for the rare horned bush-viper, Atheris ceratophora, Werner, 1895. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 73(1): 131-151.

Engelmann, W-E. & F.J. Obst. 1982. Snakes: Biology, Behavior and Relationship to Man. Exeter Books, NY.

Fischer, J.G. 1888. Über zwei neue Schlangen und eine neuen Laubrosch von Kamerun. Jb. hamb. wiss. Anst. 5: 1-10.

FitzSimons, V.F.M. 1962. Snakes of Southern Africa. Purnell and Sons, Ltd., Cape Town, Johannesburg.

Freed, P. 1986. Atheris chlorechis (West African bush viper): Reproduction. Herp. Review. 17(2): ß47-48.

Goetz, J.C. 1975. The vipers of Africa south of the Sahara. New York Herpetol. Soc. 12: 3-11.

Golay, P., H.M. Smith, D.G. Broadley, J.R. Dixon, C. McCarthy, J.C. Rage, B. Schätti, & M. Toriba. 1993. Endoglyphs and Other Major Venomous Snakes of the World. A Checklist. Azemiops Herpetol. Data Center, Geneva.

Gotch, A.F. 1986. Reptiles: Their Latin Names Explained. Blandford Press, Poole.

Greene, H.W. 1997. Snakes: The Evolution of Mystery In Nature. University of California Press.

Griffiths, J.F. (ed.). 1972. Climates of Africa: World Survey of Climatology, Volume 10. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Günther, A. 1863a. On new species of snakes in the collection of the British Museum. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 11: 20-25.

Günther, A. 1863b. On Atheris burtonii, a new snake from West Africa. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 16-17.

Hallowell, E. 1856. Descriptions of new reptiles from Guinea. Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Phila. 1854: 193-194.

Harding, K.A. & K.R.G. Welch. 1980. Venomous Snakes of the World: A Checklist. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Hedges, N.G. 1983. Reptiles and amphibians of East Africa. Kenya Literature Bureau, Nairobi.

Holthius, L.B. 1968. Biografische Notities betreffende verzamelaars voor het Rijkmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden. 1. Hendrik Severinus Pel (1818-1876). Zoologische Bijdragen. No. 10. pp. 32 [In Dutch; English summary].

Howell, K.M. 1993. Herpetofauna of the eastern African forests. In J. Lovett & S.J. Wasser (eds.). Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa, pp. 173-201. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hughes, B. 1988. Herpetology in Ghana (West Africa). Brit. Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 25: 29-38.

Hughes, B. & D.H. Barry. 1969. The snakes of Ghana: A checklist and key. Bull. Inst. fond. Afr. noire sér. A. 31: 1004-1041.

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1991. Opinion 1634: Atheris Cope, 1862 (Reptilia, Serpentes): conserved. Bull. zool. Nomencl. 48:84.

Ionides, C.J.P. 1965a. Mambas and Man-Eaters: A Hunter’s Story. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.

Ionides, C.J.P. & C.R.S. Pitman. 1965b. Notes on two East African venomous snake populations - Echis carinatus pyramidum (Geoffroy), Egyptian saw-scaled viper and Vipera hindii (Boulenger), montane viper. J.E. Afr. nat. Hist. Soc. 25 (III): 116-121.
Isemonger, R.M. 1968. Snakes of Africa. Cape Town: Books of Africa.

Jan, G. 1863. Elenco Sistimatico degli Ofidi descritti e disegnati per l’Iconographie generale. Milano.

Keyler, D.E. 1997. Lowland viper, Atheris superciliaris, envenomation: A clinical profile with hemolytic uremic syndrome. Journal of Toxicology Clinical Toxicology. 35(5): 531.

Knoepffler, L.-P. 1965. Auto-observation d’envenimation par morsure d’Atheris s.p. Toxicon. 2: 275-276.

Kornalík, F., D. Mebs, J. Simák, K. Holada, H. Zd’árská, H.-W. Herrmann, Z. Kucerová, & H. Vanková. 1998. Blood platelet activation by venom of African green bush viper (Atheris squamiger). Toxicon. 36(9): 1249.

Kramer, E. 1961. Über zwei afrikanische Zwergpuffottern, Bitis hindii (Boulenger, 1910) und Bitis superciliaris (Peters, 1854). Viert. naturf. Ges. Zürich. 106: 419-423.

Lanoie, L. O. & W.R. Branch. 1991. Venoms and snakebite: Atheris squamiger, green bush viper fatal envenomation. J. Herp. Assoc. Afr. 39: 29.

Laurent, R.F. 1955. Diagnoses préliminaires de quelques Serpents venimeux. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 51:127-139.

Laurent, R.F. 1956. Contribution à l’Herpétologie de la Région des Grands Lacs de l’Afrique centrale. Ann. Mus. roy. Congo belge, sér. in 8vo, Sci. Zool. 48: 1-390.

Laurent, R.F. 1960. Notes complementaires sur les Chéloniens et les Ophidiens du Congo oriental. Ann. Mus. roy. Congo belge, sér. in 8vo, Sci. Zool. 84: 1-86.

Lawson, D.P. 1993. The reptiles and amphibians of the Korup National Park Project, Cameroon. Herpetological Natural History. 1(2): 27-90.

Lawson, D.P. 1999. A new species of arboreal viper (Serpentes: Viperidae: Atheris) from Cameroon, Africa. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington. 112(4): 793 - 803.

Lawson, D.P. & P.C. Ustach. 2000. A redescription of Atheris squamigera (Serpentes: Viperidae) with comments on the validity of Atheris anisolepis. J. Herpetol. 34(3): 386-389.

Lawson, D.P., B.P. Noonan, & P.C. Ustach. 2001. Atheris subocularis (Serpentes: Viperidae) Revisited: Molecular and Morphological Evidence for the Resurrection of an Enigmatic Taxon. Copeia. 2001(3): 737-744.

Leeson, F. 1950. Identification of Snakes of the Gold Coast. The Crown Agents for the Colonies, London.

Leston, D. & B. Hughes. 1968. The snakes of Tafo, a forest cocoa-farm locality in Ghana. Bull. Inst. Fond. Afr. noire, sér. A. 30(2): 737-770.

Love, W. 1988. Bush vipers (Atheris): Experiences in breeding and maintenance. Vivarium. 1(3): 22-25.

Loveridge, A. 1930. Preliminary description of a new tree viper of the genus Atheris from Tanganyika Territory. Proc. New England Zool. Club. 11: 107-108.

Loveridge, A. 1933. Reports on the scientific results of an expedition to the southwestern highlands of Tanganyika Territory. VII. Herpetology. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 74: 197-416.

Loveridge, A. 1936. Scientific results of an expedition to rain forest regions in eastern Africa. V. Reptiles. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 79: 209-337.

Loveridge, A. 1942. Scientific results of a fourth expedition to forested areas in east & central Africa. IV. Reptiles. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 91: 237-373.

Loveridge A. 1953. Zoological results of a fifth expedition to East Africa. III. Reptiles from Nyasaland and Tete. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 110: 141-322.

Loveridge, A. 1957. Check list of the reptiles and amphibians of East Africa (Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika, Zanzibar). Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 117: 153-362.

Malnate, E.V. 1971. A catalog of primary types in the herpetological collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 123: 345-372.

Mara, W. P. 1995. Venomous Snakes of the World. T.F.H. Publications, NJ.

McDiarmid, R.W., J.A. Campbell, & T. Touré. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Vol. 1. The Herpetologists’ League, Washington, D.C.

McMahan, B. 1990. Atheris nitschei nitschei (Sedge Viper) reproduction. Herp. Review. 21(4): 93.

Mebs, D. 1999. Snake venom composition and evolution of Viperidae. Kaupia: Darmstädter Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte. 8:145-148.

Mebs, D., K. Holada, F. Kornalík, J. Simák, H. Vanková, D. Müller, H. Schoenemann, H. Lange, & H.-W. Herrmann. 1998. Severe coagulopathy after a bite of a green bush viper (Atheris squamiger): Case report and biochemical analysis of the venom. Toxicon. 36(10): 1333-40.
*** The abstract of this paper may be viewed here. ***

Mehrtens, J.M. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. Sterling Publishing Co., NY.

Meidinger, R. 1998. Erstnachzucht von Atheris desaixi Ashe, 1968, Mount-Kenya-Buschviper. Elaphe. 6(3): 15-17.

Meidinger, R. 2000. Erfolgreiche Haltung und Erstnachzucht von Atheris hispida, die Rauhschuppigen Buschviper. Elaphe. 8(4): 5-10.

Meirte, D. 1992. Clés de détermination des serpents d’Afrique. Ann. Sci. Zool. Mus. R. Afr. Cent. 267: 1-152.

Menzies, J.I. 1966. The snakes of Sierra Leone. Copeia. 1966(2): 169-179.

Mocquard, M.F. 1887. Sur les ophidiens rapportés du Congo par la mission de Brazza. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris. 11: 62-92.

Morgan, D.R. 1988. The lowland viper (Atheris superciliaris) in captivity: A preliminary perspective. J. Herp. Assoc. Afr. 34: 38-40.

Pareti, K.S. 1994. Cannibalism in a captive West African bush viper (Atheris chlorechis). Herp. Review. 25(1): 17.

Patterson, R. 1987. Reptiles of Southern Africa. C. Struik Publishers Ltd., Cape Town.

Pearson, S. 1997. The bush vipers: Gorgeous problem snakes. Reptile Hobbyist. 2(11): 36-38, 40, 42, 43.

Pel, H.S. 1851. Over de jagt aan de Goudkust, volgens eene tienjarige eigene ondervinding. Ned. Tijdschr. jagtkunde. 1: 149-173.

Perret, J.-L. 1961. Études herpétologiques Africains III. Bull. Soc. neuchateloise Sci. nat. 84: 133-138.

Perret, J.-L. & R. Mertens. 1957. Étude d'une collection herpétologique faite au Cameroun de 1952 à 1955. Bull. de l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire. Serie A, Sciences Naturelles. 19: 548-601.

Peters, W.C.H. 1854. Diagnosen neuer Batrachier, mit Uebersicht der in Mossambique gesammelten Schlangen u. Eidechsen. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin.. 614-628.

Peters, W.C.H. 1864. Eine neue Art der Baumvipern, Atheris polylepis aus Liberia. Mber. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 184: 642-645.

Peters, W.C.H. 1876. Eine zweite Mittheilung über die von Hrn. Professor Dr. R. Bucholz in Westafrika gesammelten Amphibien. Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin. 117-1323, pl. i.

Pfeffer. 1893. Ostafrikanische Reptilien und Amphibien, gesammelt von Herrn Dr. F. Stuhlmann in Jahre 1888 und 1889. Jahr. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. 10: 71-105.

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Pook, C.E. 1990. Notes on the genus Atheris (family Viperidae). Br. herpetol. Soc. Bull. 32: 31-36.

Rasmussen, J.B. 1981. The snakes from the rainforest of the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania: A checklist and key. Salamandra. 17 (3/4): 173-188.

Rasmussen, J.B. & K.M. Howell. 1982. The current status of the rare Usambara Mountain Forest-Viper, Atheris ceratophorus Werner, 1895, including a probable new record of Atheris nitschei rungweensis Bogert, 1940, and a discussion of its validity (Reptilia, Serpentes, Viperidae). Amphibia-Reptilia. 3: 269-277.

Rasmussen, J.B. & K.M. Howell. 1998. A review of Barbour’s short-headed viper, Adenorhinos barbouri (Serpentes: Viperidae). Afr. J. Herpetol. 47(2): 69-75.

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Rödel, M.-O. 1999. Über die Folgen eines Bisses von Atheris chlorechis (Pel, 1851). Herpetofauna. 21(123): 21-24.

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Stevens, R.A. 1973. A report on the lowland viper, Atheris superciliaris (Peters), from the Lake Chilwa floodplain of Malawi. Arnoldia Rhodesia. 6(22): 1-22.

Sweeney, R.C.H. 1961. Snakes of Nyasaland. The Nyasaland Society and Nyasaland Government.

Thireau, M. 1967. Contribution a l’etude de la morphologies caudale, de l’anatomie vertebrale et costale des genres Atheris, Atractaspis, et Causus (viperides de l’ouest africain). Bull. Mus. natl. Hist. Nat. 2d ser. 39: 454-470.

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Vesey-Fitzgerald, D.F. 1958. The snakes of Northern Rhodesia and the Tanganyika borderlands. Proc. Trans. Rhod. Sci. Assoc. 46: 17-102.

Vesey-Fitzgerald, D.F. 1975. A guide to the snakes of the Tanzania and Kenya borderlands. J. East Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc. No. 149.

Villiers, A. 1950. La collection de Serpents de l’IFAN. Inst. fr. Afr. noire, Catalogues. 6: 1-155.

Wallach, V. 1980. Interspecific and intraspecific predation in captive bush vipers, with notes on different colour phases. J. Herp. Assoc. Afr. 24: 2-3.

Welch, K.R.G. 1982. Herpetology of Africa: A Checklist and Bibliography of the Orders Amphisbaenia, Sauria, and Serpentes. Krieger, Malabar, Florida.

Werner, F. 1895. Ueber einige Reptilien aus Usambara (Deutsch-Ostafrika). Verh. zool.-bot. Ges Wien. 45: 194.

Werner, F. 1897. Ueber Reptilien und Batrachier aus Togoland, Kamerun und Tunis aus dem Kgl. Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges Wien. 47: 395-408.

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Wilson, V.J. 1965. The snakes of the Eastern Province of Zambia. Puku. 3: 149-170.

Witte, G.-F. de. 1933. Reptiles récoltés au Congo Belge par le Dr. H. Schouteden et par M. G.-F. de Witte. Ann Mus. Congo Belge Zool. sér. 1, 3: 55-98.

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Witte, G.-F. de. 1953. Reptiles. Explor. Parc natn. Upemba Miss. G.-F. de Witte. 6: 1-322.

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