NOTE: Articles pertaining to a particular species or genus are listed among the SPECIES SPECIFIC pages.

natural history  |  biology & ecology  |  bites & venom

taxonomy, nomenclature & identification  |  travel & collecting  |  photography

NATURAL HISTORY

Gravely, F.H. 1915.
The evolution and distribution of Indian Spiders belonging to the subfamily Aviculariinae.
Jour. Proc. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal 10: 411-420.

Hancock, K. & J. Hancock. 1989.
Conservation of rare species of theraphosid.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 4(3): 24.

Hirschi, H. 1991.
Biotopstudien, Beobachtungen und Überlegungen zur Lebenweise verschiedener Vogelspinnen-Arten in Costa Rica und Ecuador, Teil II.
Arachnol. Anz. 20: 14-17.

Hobbs, C. 1990.
Observations of mygalomorph species in the Trinidad rain forest.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 5(4): 3-4.

Müller, S. et. al. 1991.
Beobachtung zur Eientwicklung bei Vogelspinnen.
Arachnol. Anz. 17: 12-13.

Reichling, S.B. 1998.
Nearest neighbor relationships among tarantulas in Belize.
Southwestern Naturalist 44: 518-521.

Striffler, B.F. & D. Weinmann. 2003.
Vogelspinnen in Venezuela - Von der Karibik bis zu den Tepuis.
Draco 4(16): 70-76.

Tomasinelli, F. 2002.
Big hairy spiders: An introduction to the family Theraphosidae.
Reptilia (GB) 25: 12-21.

West, R.C. 1984.
[Tarantulas] Living World.
Journal of the Trinidad & Tobago Field Naturalist's Club. 1983-1984: 56-58.

West, R.C. 2001.
...Along came a spider.
Fauna 2(5): 26-37.

West, R.C. 2004.
The 'Mygales' (tarantulas) of French Guiana.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 20(1): 10-17.

West, R.C. 2004.
Die Vogelspinnen aus Französisch Guyana.
ARACHNE 10(2): 4-13.

BIOLOGY & ECOLOGY

Arrowsmith, M. 1996.
Feeding strategies of tarantulas.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 11(4): 121-122.

Babu, K.S. 1969.
Certain histological and anatomical features of the nervous system of a large Indian spider, Poecilotheria.
American Zoologist 9(1): 113-119.

BAERG, W.J. 1929.
Cocoon-making by the tarantula.
Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 22(2): 161-164.

BAERG, W.J. 1938.
Tarantula studies.
J. New York Ent. Soc. 46: 31-43.

BAERG, W.J. 1944.
The black widow and the tarantula.
Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci. 36: 99-113.

Baerg, W.J. 1963.
Tarantula life history records.
J. New York Ent. Soc. 71: 233-238.

BAERG, W.J. & W.B. PECK. 1970.
A note on the longevity and molt cycle of two tropical theraphosids.
Bull. Br. arachnol. Soc. 1(7): 107-108.

Bertani, R. 2000.
Male palpal bulbs and homologous features in Theraphosinae (Araneae, Theraphosidae).
Journal of Arachnology 28: 29-42.


Bevington, M. 1989.
Theraphosides – some feeding observations.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 4(3): 28-29.

Bode F., F. Sachs & M.R. Franz. 2001.
Tarantula peptide inhibits atrial fibrillation - A peptide from spider venom can prevent the heartbeat from losing its rhythm.
Nature 409(6816): 35-36.

Booth, A. 1989.
Moulting difficulties.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 5(1): 28-29.

Breene R.G. III, 1999.
Respiration in spiders.
Forum Magazine of the American Tarantula Society 8(6): 182-185.

Breene R.G. III, 2000.
Spider digestion & food storage.
Forum Magazine of the American Tarantula Society 9(2): 38-42.

Breene R.G. III, 2000.
Urticating hair.
Forum Magazine of the American Tarantula Society 9(4-6): 110-114.

Bryon, M. 1986.
Urticating hairs.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 1(2): 30-32.

Bullington, S.W. 1995.
Cheliceral orientation and feeding in Poecilotheria and spider evolution.
Forum Magazine of the American Tarantula Society 4(5): 155-158.

Bustard, R. 1993.
Sexual selection in theraphosid spiders.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 8(4): 28-29.

Bustard, R. 1996.
Social behavior in Poecilotheria.
Forum Magazine of the American Tarantula Society 5(1): 5-8.

Canals, M., M.J. Salazar, C. Durán, D. Figueroa & C. Veloso. 2007(2008).
Respiratory refinements in the mygalomorph spider Grammostola rosea Walckenaer 1837 (Araneae, Theraphosidae).
Journal of Arachnology 35(3): 481-486.

Cawsey P. 2000.
Urticating hairs of theraphosid spiders.
Br. arachnol. Soc. Newsl. (88): 14.

CHANG, P.C.T., H.K. SOONG & J.M. BARNETT. 1991.
Corneal penetration by tarantula hairs.
Br. J. Ophthalmol. 75: 253-254.

Cocroft, R.B. & K. Hambler. 1989.
Observations on a commensal relationship of the microhylid frog Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata and the burrowing theraphosid spider Xenesthis immanis in southeastern Peru.
Biotropica 21: 2-8.

COOKE, J.A., F.H. MILLER, R.W. GROVER & J.L. DUFFY. 1973.
Urticaria caused by tarantula hairs.
Am. Jou. Trop. Med. Hygiene 22(1): 130-133.

Cooke, J.A.L., V.D. Roth & F.M. Miller. 1972.
The urticating hairs of Theraphosidae spiders.
American Museum Novitates 2498: 1-43.

Costa F.G., F. Pérez-Miles & S. Corte. 2000.
Which spermatheca is inseminated by each palp in Theraphosidae spiders?: A study of Oligoxystre argentinensis (Ischnocolinae).
Journal of Arachnology 28(1): 131-132.
(Oligoxystre argentinensis is now Catumiri argentinense)


CSAKANY, J. 2002.
Study on the chemical communication between the microhylid frog, Chiasmocleis ventrimaculatata, and a theraphosid spider involved in a commensal relationship.
http://www.perunature.com/downloads/frogsreport2002.doc


Degville, R. 2004.
Postembryo cannabilism in theraphosids.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 20(1): 9-10.

Dundee, H.A. 1999.
Gastrophryne olivacea (Great Plains narrowmouth toad). Aggregation with tarantula.
Herpet. Rev. 30(2): 91-92.

Dunlop, J. 1990.
The case of the phantom moult.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 6(2): 6-7.

Dunlop, J. 1993.
The mouthparts of tarantulas.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 8(4): 26-28.

Dunlop, J. 1993.
Does being hairy keep a spider warm?
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 9(2): 22-24.

Dunlop, J.A. 1993.
Functional explanation for posturing during tarantula ingestion?
Forum Magazine of the American Tarantula Society 2(4): 95-97.

Dunlop, J.A. 1994.
The mouthparts of tarantulas.
Forum Magazine of the American Tarantula Society 3(1): 2-4.

Dunlop, J. 1998.
How tarantulas filter their food.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 14(1): 24-26.

Eckardt, D. 1991.
A fast way to sex your tarantula.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 6(3): 24-25.

Gabriel, R. 2004.
Phantom egg-sacs in theraphosid spiders.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 20(1): 25-26.

Gallon, R.C. & R. Gabriel. 2006.
Theraphosid egg-sac types.
Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society 106: 5-10.

Gorb, S.N. et al. 2006.
Biomaterials: Silk-like secretion from tarantula feet.
Nature 443: 407.


Grega, D.S. 1978.
The effects of monoamines on tarantula skeletal muscle.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 61(2): 3.

Halfpenny, S.C. 1986.
Male theraphosids - the elusive sex.
Exotic Entomology Group, Winter 1986: 8-12.

Hancock, K. & J. Hancock. 1989.
Sexing theraphosids.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 4(3): 30.

Hancock, K. & J. Hancock. 1989.
The tarantula.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 4(4): 24-25.

Hancock, K. & J. Hancock. 1990.
The outside in’s of sex determination.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 6(1): 9.

HERED, R.W., A.G. SPAULDING, J.J. SANITATO & A.H. WANDER. 1988.
Ophthalmia nodosa caused by tarantula hairs.
Ophthalmology 95(2): 166-169.

HIRSCHI, H. 1991.
Biotopstudien, Beobachtungen und Überlegungen zur Lebensweise verschiedener Vogelspinnen-Arten in Costa Rica und Ecuador.
Arachnol. Anz. 19: 6-9.

HUNT, R.H. 1980.
Toad sanctuary in a tarantula burrow.
Nat. His. 89(3): 48-53.

KAUFMAN, S.C., S.J. CHEW, S.C. CAPPS & R. W. BEUERMAN. 1994.
Confocal microscopy of corneal penetration by tarantula hairs.
Scanning 16: 312-325.

KIRK, H. 1997.
Augenverletzungen durch Reizhaare von Vogelspinnen.
Arthropoda 5(1): 9-10.
(urticating hairs)

Kraus, O. 1961.
Vogelspinnen bei der Häutung.
Natur und Volk 91(3): 69-74.

Kunz, K. 2003.
Schwimmen bei Vogelspinnen.
Draco 4(16): 86.
(swimming in tarantulas)

LAMBERT, N. & G. DUPRE. 1992.
Note préliminaire sur le développement postembryonnaire de Theraphosa leblondi (Latreille, 1804) (Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae).
Arachnides 12.

LAMBERT, N. & G. DUPRE. 1993.
Seconde note sur le développement postembryonnaire de Theraphosa leblondi (Latreille, 1804) (Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae).
Arachnides 17.

Marshall, S.D. 1992.
The importance of being hairy.
Natural History 101: 40-47.

Marshall, S.D., E.M. Thoms & G.W. Uetz. 1995.
Setal entanglement: an undescribed method of stridulation by a neotropical tarantula.
J. Zool. (London) 235: 587-595.

Marshall, S.D. & G.W. Uetz. 1990.
Incorporation of urticating hairs into silk: a novel defense mechanism in two neotropical tarantulas (Araneae, Theraphosidae).
Journal of Arachnology 18: 143-149.


Mason, T. 1993.
Tarantula scavengers.
Forum Magazine of the American Tarantula Society 2: 74-75.

Melchers, M. 1964.
Zur Biologie der Vogelspinnen.
Z. Morph. Ökol. Tiere 53: 517.

Nicholas, M. 1996.
Premature regeneration during ecdysis.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 11(4): 122-124.

Pecina, P. 2001.
Bird spider coloration and its functions I.
Sklípkan 6(1): 17-18.

Pecina, P. 2001.
Bird spider coloration and its functions II.
Sklípkan 6(2): 42-44.

Pérez-Miles, F. & F.G. Costa. 1994.
Acanthoscurria atrox incorporates urticating hairs into its shedding mat.
Forum Magazine of the American Tarantula Society 3(3): 63-64.

Punzo, F. & T. Punzo. 2001.
Monoamines in the brain of tarantulas (Aphonopelma hentzi) (Araneae, Theraphosidae): differences associated with male agonistic interactions.
Journal of Arachnology 29(3): 388-395.


Quirici, V. & F.G. Costa. 2005.
Seismic communication during courtship in two burrowing tarantula spiders: An experimental study on Eupalaestrus weijenberghi and Acanthoscurria suina.
Journal of Arachnology 33(1): 159-166.

(Download available to 2005 AAS members only)

RATCLIFFE, B.C. 1977.
A case tarantula-included papular dermatitis.
J. Med. Ent. 13(6): 745-747.

Reichling, S.B. 1996.
The role of incubation temperature and food intake on phenotype of terrestrial theraphosid spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae).
Ph.D. dissertation. University of Memphis 9730646, 1194 MEMP-D. (University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI).

Reichling, S.B. & W. Gutzke. 1998.
Phenotypic consequences of incubation temperature and feeding regimen in captive-bred tarantulas.
Zoo Biol. 17: 405-414.

RUTZEN, A.R., J.S. WEISS & K. HARRY. 1993.
Tarantula hairs ophthalmia nodosa.
Am. J. Ophthalmol. 116: 381-382.

PÉREZ-MILES, F. 2002.
The occurrence of abdominal urticating hairs during development in Theraphosinae (Araneae, Theraphosidae): Phylogenetic implications.
Journal of Arachnology 30(3): 316-320.


Pérez-Miles, F. & L. Montes de Oca. 2005.
Surface ultrastructure of labial and maxillary cuspules in eight species of Theraphosidae (Araneae)
Journal of Arachnology 33(1): 43-49.

(Download available to 2005 AAS members only)

Portman, C. 1999.
Experiences with ecdysis.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 14(4): 114-117.

POWELL, R., L.W. LITTLE & D.D. SMITH. 1984.
Eine Wohngemeinschaft von Physalaemus pustulosus (Cope, 1864) (Salientia: Leptodactylidae) mit einer bodenbewohnenden Vogelspinne.
Salamandra 20(4): 273-274.

Punzo, F. & T. Punzo. 2001.
Monoamines in the brain of tarantulas (Aphonopelma hentzi) (Araneae, Theraphosidae): differences associated with male agonistic interactions.
Journal of Arachnology 29(3): 388-395.


Ruhland, M. & W. Rathmeyer. 1978.
Die Beinmuskulatur und ihre Innervation bei der Vogelspinne Dugesiella hentzi (Ch.) (Araneae, Aviculariidae).
Zoolmorphologie 89(1): 13.

Shulman, K. 1993.
Ecdysis in mature male theraphosids.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 8(3): 23.

SPRAUL, C.W., P. WAGNER, G.E. LANG & G.K. LANG. 2003.
Ophthalmia nodosa caused by the hairs of the bird spider (Family Theraphosidae) or hairy megalomorph (known in the US as tarantula) - case report and review of the literature.
Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd. 220: 20-23.


Sterner R., K. Bardehle, R. Paul & H. Decker. 1994.
Tris: an allosteric effector of tarantula haemocyanin.
Febs. 339: 37-39.

Sterner R., T. Vogl, H.J. Hinz, F. Penz, R. Hoff, R. Foll & H. Decker. 1995.
Extreme thermostability of tarantula hemocyanin.
Febs. 364: 9-12.

Stewart, D.M. & A.W. Martin. 1970.
Blood and fluid balance of the common tarantula, Dugesiella hentzi.
Z. Vgl. Physiol. 70: 223-246.

Stewart, D.M. & A.W. Martin. 1974.
Blood pressure in the tarantula, Dugesiella hentzi.
J. Comp. Physiol. 88: 141-172.

Stewart, D.M. & A.W. Martin. 1982.
Moulting in the tarantula, Dugesiella hentzi.
J. Comp. Physiol. 149: 121-136.

Striffler, B.F. 2003.
Postembryonal-Entwicklung bei Vogelspinnen (Theraphosidae) – vom Ei zur Jungspinne.
DeArGe Mitteilungen 8(3): 16.28.
(tarantula development – egg to spiderling; postembryo cannabilism)

Striffler, B.F. 2003.
Vogelspinnen - Biologie und Systematik.
Draco 4(16): 4-19.

Striffler, B.F. 2003.
Temperaturvorzuege und Aktivitaetsmuster bei Vogelspinnen.
Draco 4(16): 62-69.
(temperature preferences and activity patterns of tarantulas)

Striffler, B.F. & T. Ziegler. 2003.
"Ecdysis" - wenn Vogelspinnen aus der Haut fahren.
Draco 4(16): 20-25.
(ecdysis - when tarantulas come out of their skin)

STULTING, R.D., R.J. HOOPER & C.H. DWIGHT. 1983.
Ocular injury caused by tarantula hairs.
Am. J. Ophthalmol. 96: 118-119.

Tansley, G. 1991.
Moulting.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 7(1): 12-13.

Tansley, G. 1997.
Cast-skin sex determination of tarantulas: A “what to look for” guide.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 13(2): 55-57.

Verdez, J.-M. 1992.
Urticating hairs.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 8(1): 17-19.

Weinmann, D. & R.H.L. Disney. 1994.
Two new species of Phoridae (Diptera) whose larvae associate with large spiders (Araneae: Theraphosidae).
J. Zool. London 243: 319-328.

Zsigo, T. 1992.
Bleeding spiders.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 8(2): 9-10.

BITES & VENOM

Alroth, G. 1995.
How dangerous are tarantulas in reality.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 11(1): 20-25.

Baerg, W.J. 1922.
The effect of the poison of tarantulas.
Journal of Parasitology. Univ. Illinois/Urbana 8(2): 86-89.

Baerg, W.J. 1922.
Regarding the habits of tarantulas and the effects of their poison.
Scientific Monthly New York 14(5): 482-489.

Bode F., F. Sachs & M.R. Franz. 2001.
Tarantula peptide inhibits atrial fibrillation - A peptide from spider venom can prevent the heartbeat from losing its rhythm.
Nature 409(6816): 35-36.

Breitschwerdt, M. 2005.
Folgen und Behandlung eines Bissunfalls mit Poecilotheria ornata Pocock 1899.
ARACHNE 10(6): 26-28.

Chan, T.K., C.R. Geren, D.E. Howell & G.V. Odell. 1975.
Adenosine triphosphate in tarantula spider venoms and its synergistic effect with the venom toxin.
Toxicon 13: 61-66.

Choi, S.J. et al. 2004.
Isolation and characterization of Psalmopeotoxin I and II: two novel antimalarial peptides from the venom of the tarantula Psalmopoeus cambridgei.
FEBS Letters 572: 109-117.

de Haro, L. & J. Jouglard. 1998.
The dangers of pet tarantulas: Experiences of the Marseilles Poison Centre.
Clinical Toxicology 36(1/2): 51-53.

Dörr, T. 2005.
Die Gifte der Vogelspinnen (Theraphosidae).
ARACHNE 10(4): 10-24.

Ebbinghaus, J. et al. 2004.
Modulation of Kv4.2 channels by a peptide isolated from the venom of the giant bird-eating tarantula Theraphosa leblondi.
Toxicon 43: 923-932.

Escoubas, P. et al. 1999.
A comparison of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry methods for the analysis of crude tarantula venoms in the Pterinochilus group.
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 13: 1861-1868.

Escoubas, P. et al. 2002.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography study of quanitative and qualitative variation in tarantula spider venoms.
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 16: 403-413.

Escoubas, P. & L. Rash. 2004.
Tarantulas: eight-legged pharmacists and combinatorial chemists.
Toxicon 43(5): 555-574.


Fitchett, R. 1990.
Theraphosid bites.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 5(3): 7-8.

Fontana, M.D., H.S.M. Lucas & O. Vital Brazil. 2002.
Neuromuscular blocking action of the Theraphosa blondii spider venom.
J. Venom. Anim. Toxins 8(2).


Gabriel, R. 2002.
Notes and observations regarding the bite of Poecilotheria pederseni.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 17(2): 61-64.

Hlivka, B. 2002.
Biogeography and phylogeny of bird spider venom.
Sklípkan 7(1): 19-20.

Höfler, S. 1996.
Auswirkungen eines Bisses von Poecilotheria fasciata (Latreille, 1804).
Arachnol. Mag. 4(7): 8-10.

HUMBERT, J. 1998.
Une envenimation par Aphonopelma seemani (Cambridge, 1897).
Arachnides 37.

Isbister G.K., J.E. Seymour, M.R. Gray & R.J. Raven. 2003.
Bites by spiders of the family Theraphosidae in humans and canines.
Toxicon 41(4): 519-524.


Kushmerick, C. et al. 2001.
Effects of a Lasiodora spider venom on Ca2+ and Na+ channels.
Toxicon 39(7): 991-1002.


Lampe, R.A. et al. 1993.
Isolation and pharmacological characterization of omega-grammotoxin SIA, a novel peptide inhibitor of neuronal voltage-sensitive calcium channel responses.
Molecular Pharmacology 44(2): 451-460.


Lee, C. et al. 1974.
Characterization of a necrotoxin from tarantula, Dugesiella hentzi (Girard), venom.
Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 164: 341-350.

Liang, S.-P. 2004. *
An overview of peptide toxins from the venom of the Chinese bird spider Selenocosmia huwena Wang [=Ornithoctonus huwena (Wang)].
Toxicon 43(5): 575-585.


Liang, S.-P., X.-D. Chen, Q. Shu, Y. Zhang & K. Peng. 2000. *
The presynaptic activity of huwentoxin-I, a neurotoxin from the venom of the Chinese bird spider Selenocosmia huwena.
Toxicon 38(9): 1237-1246.


Liang, S.-P. & X. Pan. 1995.
A lectin-like peptide isolated from the venom of the Chinese bird spider Selenocosmia huwena. *
Toxicon 33(7): 875-882.


Liang, S.P., D.-Y. Zhang, X. Pan, Q. Chen & P.-A. Zhou. 1993. *
Properties and amino acid sequence of Huwentoxin-I, a neurotoxin purified from the venom of the Chinese bird spider Selenocosmia huwena.
Toxicon 31(8): 969-978.


Lieske, H. 2005.
Ein Erfahrungsbericht über den folgenreichen Biss einer Poecilotheria fasciata (Latreille, 1804).
ARACHNE 10(6): 29-32.

Lucas, S., P.I. da Silva, R. Bertani, & J.L. Costa Cardoso. 1994.
Mygalomorph spider bites: A report on 91 cases in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.
Toxicon 32(10): 1211-1215.


Merrett, P. 1988.
The effects of a tarantula bite.
Newsl. Br. arachnol. Soc.. 53: 3.

Merten, T. 2006.
Der Biss einer Eucratoscelus pachypus Schmidt & von Wirth 1990 und seine Folgen.
ARACHNE 11(3): 30-31.

Middleton, R.E. et al. 2002.
Two tarantula peptides inhibit activation of multiple sodium channels.
Biochemistry. 41(50): 14734-14747.
(Thrixopelma pruriens)


Newcomb, R. et al. 1998.
Selective peptide antagonist of the class E calcium channel from the venom of the tarantula Hysterocrates gigas.
Biochemistry. 37(44): 15353-15362.


Ownby, C.L. & G.V. Odell. 1983.
Pathogenesis of skeletal muscle necrosis induced by tarantula venom.
Exp. Mol. Pathol. 38(3): 283-296.

Perret, B.A. 1977.
Proteolytic activity of tarantula venoms due to contamination with saliva.
Toxicon 15(6): 505-510.


Piser, T.M., R.A. Lampe, R.A. Keith & S.A. Thayer. 1995.
Omega-grammotoxin SIA blocks multiple, voltage-gated, Ca channel subtypes in culture rat hippocampal neurons.
Molecular Pharmacology 48(1): 131-139.


Qu, Y., S.-P. Liang, J. Ding, L. Ma, R. Zhang & X. Gu. 1995. *
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies on huwentoxin-I from the venom of the spider Selenocosmia huwena: 1. Sequence-specific 1H-NMR assignments.
J. Protein Chem. 14(7): 549-557.

Qu, Y., S.-P. Liang, J. Ding, L. Ma, R. Zhang & X. Gu. 1997. *
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies on huwentoxin-I from the venom of the spider Selenocosmia huwena: 2. Three-dimensional structure solution.
J. Protein Chem. 16(6): 549-557.

RADNAI , F. 1999.
Remarques sur la vénimosité des mygales.
Arachnides 42.

Russell, F.E., U. Järlfours & D.S. Smith. 1973.
Preliminary report on the fine structure of the venom gland of the tarantula.
Toxicon 11: 439-440.

Schanbacher, F.L., C.K. Lee, I.B. Wilson, D.E. Howell & G.V. Odell. 1973.
Purification and characterization of tarantula, Dugesiella hentzi (Girard) venom hyaluronidase.
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. (B). 44: 389-396.

Schmidt, G. 1988.
Wie gefährlich sind Vogelspinnenbisse?.
Deutsches Ärzteblatt 85 Heft 28/29(2): 1424-1425.

Schmidt, G. 1992.
Zur Wirkung von Bissen asiatischer und afrikanischer Vogelspinnen.
Arachnol. Anz. 3(4): 11-13.

Shu, Q. & S.-P. Liang. 1999. *
Purification and characterization of huwentoxin-II, a neurotoxic peptide from the venom of the Chinese bird spider Selenocosmia huwena.
J. Pept. Res. 53(5): 486-491.

Smith, A.M. 1990.
Theraphosid bites.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 5(4): 25.

VERDEZ, J.-M. 1995.
Les mygales du genre POECILOTHERIA. Les accidents d'envenimation.
Arachnides 26.

Vernier, D. 2003.
Poke bite: blow by blow description.
Forum Magazine of the American Tarantula Society 12(1): 10-14.

Zhang, R. & S.-P. Liang. 1993. *
Assignment of the three disulfide bridges of huwentoxin-I, a neurotoxin from the spider Selenocosmia huwena.
J. Protein Chem. 12(6): 735-740.

Zhou, P.A. et al. 1997. *
Blockade of neuromuscular transmission by huwentoxin-I, purified from the venom of the Chinese bird spider Selenocosmia huwena.
Toxicon 35(1): 39-45.


* It is probable that the "Selenocosmia huwena" (= Haplopelma huwenum) used in these venom experiments was actually Haplopelma schmidti.

TAXONOMY, SYSTEMATICS, NOMENCLATURE & IDENTIFICATION

Beechhold, H. F. 1997.
A key to the pronunciation and meaning of scientific names of popular species, part I.
Forum Magazine of the American Tarantula Society 6(4) 115-118.
(pronunciation of scientific names of arachnids common in the US pet trade)


Beechhold, H. F. 1997.
A key to the pronunciation and meaning of scientific names of popular species, part II.
Forum Magazine of the American Tarantula Society 6(5) 153-156.
(meanings (etymologies) of scientific names of arachnids common in the US pet trade)


Breene, R.G., III. 1994.
Nomenclatural nemesis: Systematic headaches and taxing taxonomy.
Forum Magazine of the American Tarantula Society 3(2): 31-38.

Breene, R.G., III. 1994.
Synonymy dominae prior priorities.
Forum Magazine of the American Tarantula Society 3(3): 66-67.

Byron, M.S. 1986.
In defence of scientific names.
British Tarantula Fellowship Newsletter 10: 6-7.

Dunlop, J. 1998.
So who was responsible for the Theraphosidae.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 13(3): 91-93.

DUPRE, G. 1994.
Taxonomie & Nomenclature.
Arachnides 23.

Gallon, R.C. 1997.
Tarantula nomenclature.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 12(4): 124-127.

Hilbert, A. 2002.
Bestimmungskurs in Saarbrücken am 10.11.01 - aus der Sicht einer Teilnehmerin.
DeArGe Mitteilungen 7(2): 5-8.


Hillyard, P. 1985.
Cladistics: An introduction for arachnologists.
Newsl. Br. arachnol. Soc. 43: 4-5

Karl, S. 1999.
Präparation von Spermatheken.
DeArGe Mitteilungen 4(1): 3-4.

Kirk, P. 1991.
Moults and taxonomy.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 6(3): 18-19.

KRAUS, O. 2000.
Zoologische Nomenklatur. Die internationalen Vorschriften zur Stabilisierung der Familien-Namen.
Senckenberg. biol. 42: 107-110.

KRAUS, O. 2000.
Why no subspecies in spiders?
European Arachnology 2000: 303-314.
(Proceedings of the 19th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Århus 17-22 July 2000)


McKee, A. 1986.
A common name for the common market.
British Tarantula Fellowship Newsletter 6: 4-6.

McKee, A. 1986.
Latium Mysterium (Latin mystery).
British Tarantula Fellowship Newsletter 9: 13-14.

Netopil, S. 2001.
Taxonomical changes of bird spiders.
Sklípkan 6(5/6): 130.

Pecina, P. 1998.
Notulae nomenclatorologicae I.
Sklípkan 3(6): 4-5.

Pecina, P. 2000.
Notulae nomenclatorologicae II.
Sklípkan 5(1): 4-5.

Pecina, P. 2001.
Notulae nomenclatorologicae III.
Sklípkan 6(4): 76-78.

Pecina, P. 2001.
Notulae nomenclatorologicae IV.
Sklípkan 6(5/6): 104-105.

Pérez-Miles, F. 1994.
Tarsal scopula division in Theraphosidae (Araneae, Theraphosidae): Its systematic significance.
Journal of Arachnology 22(1): 46-53.


Pérez-Miles, F., S.M.Lucas, P.I. da Silva Jr., & R. Bertani. 1996.
Systemaic revision and cladistic analysis of Theraphosinae.
Mygalomorph 1: 33-68.


Raven, R.J. 1985.
The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics.
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 182: 1-175.


Schmidt, G.E.W. 1993.
New results in the systematics of Theraphosidae (Araneida, Mygalomorphae).
Boll. Acc. Gioenia Sci. Nat. 26: 311-321.

Schmidt, G. 1994.
Systematics of theraphosids: Some new results.
Forum Magazine of the American Tarantula Society 3(4): 98-101.

Schmidt, G. 1997.
Was ist bei der Beschreibung einer Vogelsppine zu beachten?
DeArGe Mitteilungen 2(11): 3-9.

Schmidt, G. 1998.
Stellungsnahme zum Protokoll der deutschen Vogelspinnensyystematiker.
DeArGe Mitteilungen 3(5): 8-9.

Schmidt, G. 1999.
Konservierte Vogelspinnen verschiedener amerikanischer Gattungen nicht im gleichen Sammelgefäß aufbewahren!
DeArGe Mitteilungen 4(3): 6-7.

Schmidt, G. 1999.
Eine Klassifizierung der Stridulationsorgane.
DeArGe Mitteilungen 4(4): 3-5.

Schmidt, J. 2001.
Taxonomical changes of bird spiders at 2001.
Sklípkan 6(5/6): 129-130.

Smith, A.M. 1986.
Latium Perturbation (Latin confusion).
British Tarantula Fellowship Newsletter 10: 2-3.

Smith, A.M. 1988.
A beginner's guide to basic methods of theraphosid identification.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 3(2): 3-7.

Smith, A.M. 1989.
How to use the spermathecae as a taxonomic tool in theraphosid identification.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 4(3): 10-14.

Smith, A.M. 1993.
Taxonomy focus.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 9(1): 13-18.

Smith, A.M. 1995.
A flurry of the spurious: Point & counterpoint.
Forum Magazine of the American Tarantula Society 4(1): 23-26.
(the logic and merits of common names; with response by R.G. Breene, III)

Smith, A.M. 1996.
A review of the taxonomic revision work undertaken by Philip Charpentier in the magazine Exothermae – between the years 1993-96.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 12(2): 54-58.

Striffler, B.F. 2003.
Vogelspinnen - Biologie und Systematik.
Draco 4(16): 4-19.

Striffler, B.F. 2003.
Theraphosidae Thorell, 1870 (Artenliste).
Draco 4(16): 90-96.

Wagner, T. 2005.
Eine Einführung in die Etymologie von Gattungs- und Artnamen bei Vogelspinnen (Araneae: Theraphosidae).
ARACHNE 10(2): 13-19.

Von Wirth, V. 2001.
Protokoll eines Vogelspinnen-Bestimmungkurses.
DeArGe Mitteilungen 6(10): 8-13.


Von Wirth, V. 2006.
Präparationstechniken von (Vogel-)Spinnen-spermatheken.
ARACHNE 11(6): 16-28.

TRAVEL & COLLECTING

Allison, M. 1997.
Collecting tarantulas in Ecuador.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 13(2): 64-65.

Baxter, R.N. 2007.
In search of Bolivian adventure.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 22(4): 122-130.

Cavallo, P.E. 2007.
Auf Vogelspinnensuche in der argentinischen Provinz Chaco.
ARACHNE 12(6): 20-35.

Deutschle, T. 1999.
Eindrücke aus dem tropischen Tiefflandregenwald Französisch- Guayanas; Lebensraum von Theraphosa blondi.
DeArGe Mitteilungen 4(5): 3-7.

Dörr, T. 2003.
Zur Arthropodenfauna Nepals – ei Reisebericht.
DeArGe Mitteilungen 8(3): 8-15.

Dörr, T. 2004.
Tunesien – “arthropologisch”.
ARACHNE 9(3): 33-35.

DUPONT, D. et al. 2000.
Notes de voyages: Mygales en Bolivie.
Arachnides 45.

Ezendam, T. 1999.
Out of Africa.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 14(3): 94-95.

Fidra, B. 2003.
Malaysia I.
Sklípkan 8(1): 34-38.

Fidra, B. 2003.
Malaysia II.
Sklípkan 8(2): 76-78.

Fidra, B. 2003.
Malaysia III.
Sklípkan 8(3): 116-118.

Fidra, B. 2003.
Malaysia IV.
Sklípkan 8(4): 156-158.

Gamache, M. & A. Galloway. 2006.
Exkursion nach Trinidad: Psalmopoeus cambridgei Pocock, 1895 in freier Natur.
ARACHNE 11(3): 22-26.

GRUBER, P. 2007.
Auf Vogelspinnensuche im »Lone Star State« Texas.
ARACHNE 12(3): 19-26.

Hancock, K. 1988.
In search of theraphosids in Morocco.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 3(4): 10-13.

Hancock, K. 1994.
Invertebrates in the Dominican Republic.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 9(4): 23-24.

Honsa, V. 2002.
Interview about bird spiders of Chile.
Sklípkan 7(5): 112-113.

Honsa, V. & V. Sejna. 2005.
Looking for bird spiders and other invertebrates of Chile – Part I.
Sklípkan 9(1): 12-14, 27-29.

Honsa, V. & V. Sejna. 2005.
Looking for bird spiders and other invertebrates of Chile – Part II.
Sklípkan 9(2): 67-73.

Hoojier, A. 2005.
Interesting encounter in Tamarindo, Costa Rica.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 20(4): 120-123.

Kraus, R. 2002. Mountain bird spiders of Peru.
Sklípkan 7(6): 140-141.

Lapinski, G. 2001.
Spinneninventur im Regenwald von Costa Rica.
DeArGe Mitteilungen 6(10): 4-8.

Layzell, J. 1986.
Collecting tarantulas in Costa Rica.
The Cobweb September 1986: 12-13.

Layzell, J. 1986.
Tarantula collecting in Costa Rica.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 1(3): 59-60.

Layzell, J. 1991.
Collecting tarantulas in Ecuador.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 7(2): 12-13.

Layzell, J. 1992.
The over-collecting of tarantulas from their natural habitats.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 7(3): 11.

Layzell, J. 1992.
Importing – a moral issue.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 8(1): 20-21.

LEETZ, A. 1997.
Notes de voyage en Uruguay.
Arachnides 34.

McIntyre, S. 2006.
Food for thought — something for dessert!
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 21(4): 112-116.

Nicholas, M.R. 1998.
The ghost on the bridge (An account of a tarantula hunt in Borneo).
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 13(4): 117-138.

Nicholas, M.R. 1998.
The missing link: Tarantula hunting on the island of Dominica.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 14(2): 50-61.

Nicholas, M.R. 2000.
Earth tiger tarantulas of the Cameron Highlands.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 15(3): 83-101.

Osmani, J. 2002.
Impressionen aus Krete.
DeArGe Mitteilungen 7(3): 4-11.

Portman, C. 1998.
Fangs for the memories: The search for tarantulas in Ecuador.
A Square 1 Publication.

Sejna, V. 2001.
Sri Lanka I.
Sklípkan 6(5/6): 137-139.

Sejna, V. 2002.
Sri Lanka II.
Sklípkan 7(1): 17-19.

Sejna, V. 2002.
Sri Lanka III.
Sklípkan 7(2): 43-44.

Sejna, V. 2002.
Sri Lanka IV.
Sklípkan 7(3): 67-69.

Sejna, V. 2002.
Sri Lanka V.
Sklípkan 7(4): 92-93.

Sejna, V. 2002.
Sri Lanka VI.
Sklípkan 7(5): 105-106.

Smith, A.M. 1987.
Field collecting in Morocco.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 2(2): 1-4.

Smith, A.M. 1987.
Notes on field collecting in Morocco.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 2(3): 8-11.

Smith, A.M. 1997.
Collecting tarantulas in Morocco.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 13(2): 49-54.

Smith, A.M. 1999.
In search of the earth tiger.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 15(2): 49-60.

von Wirth, V. 2006.
Die ArachnoConvention 2006 in San Antonio (Texas, USA) — Tagebuch einer Vortragsreise.
ARACHNE 11(5): 13-22.

West, R.C. 1997.
Eating bird-eating spiders.
Fauna 1(1): 46-53.

West, R.C. 1998.
Peruvian tarantula expedition (or how far is far?).
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 13(3): 86-91.

West, R.C. 1999.
Brazilian Odyssey.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 14(3): 89-93.

West, R.C. 2005.
The 'Mygales' (tarantulas) of French Guiana (Guyane).
Forum Magazine of the American Tarantula Society 14(1): 2-6.

PHOTOGRAPHY

Stillwell, A. 1989.
Close up photography of theraphosids.
Journal of the British Tarantula Society 4(3): 6-9.